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B1_Students have demonstrated and understood knowledge in a field of study that is based on general secondary education, and is usually found at a level that, while supported by advanced textbooks, also includes some aspects involving knowledge from the forefront of their field of study
B5_That students have developed those learning skills necessary to undertake further studies with a high degree of autonomy
E9_Use mathematical tools and advanced statistical tools for decision making and contrasting various economic assumptions
G2_Be able to innovate by developing an open attitude to change and be willing to re-evaluate old mental models that limit thinking
T5_Develop tasks applying, with flexibility and creativity, the knowledge acquired and adapting it to new contexts and situations
The subject "Fundamentals of Mathematics" is designed as an introductory subject of basic training for the student, as shown by its location in the first year. The course works on the use of mathematical language and the acquisition of work methods that are particularly suitable and useful for formalizing economic situations.
In particular, the subject develops the fundamental aspects of mathematical calculation in one or several variables (with optimization) and linear algebra that are most used in economics; in this sense, it is therefore an instrumental subject in which mathematical tools are provided that are used, mainly, in economic contexts.
In addition, it should be noted, due to the formative nature of this subject, that logical-deductive reasoning is promoted.
FIRST TRIMESTER
0. Preliminaries.
The sets of numbers
Solving equations and inequalities
Solving systems of linear and nonlinear equations
1. Real functions of a real variable.
1.1 Definition, types and properties
Expressions of a function: explicit form and implicit form
Graph of a function
Domain and Path of a function
1.2 Operations with functions: sum, product for a scalar, product and quotient
Composition. Properties. Identity function and inverse function
Study of some elementary functions (polynomial, rational, with radical, exponential, logarithmic)
2. Differential calculus with functions of a variable.
2.1 Derivative of a function at a point: definition
Geometric interpretation of the derivative
Angular Points
Derivative and continuity theorem
Derived function
Function derived from elementary functions (Table of derivatives)
Derivative of operations: sum, product to scale, product, quotient
Derivative of the composition: Rule of the chain
Logarithmic derivation
Successive derivatives
2.2 Applications of the derivative
Calculation of the tangent line at a point
Calculation of limits: Hôpital's rule
Continuity
Calculation of the asymptotes of a function: horizontal, vertical and oblique
Intervals of growth and degrowth of a function
Calculation of extremes (maximums and minimums)
Concavity, convexity and inflection points.
Analysis of a function. Complete graphic study.
SECOND TERM
3. Linear Algebra.
3.1 Matrix
Matrix definition. Order of an array. Square matrices
Transposed from an array. Symmetrical matrices
Operations with matrices
Sum and product for a scalar
Matrix product. Properties
Identity Matrix. Inverse Matrix
3.2 Determinants
Definition. Determinants of order 2 and order 3. Sarrus rule
Complementary deputies and minors
Properties of determinants
Development of determinants applying their properties
Applications of determinants:
Reverse matrix calculation
Solving matrix equations
Range of an array
4. Real functions of two or more variables
4.1 Real functions of two or more real variables
Definition
Graphic representation
Level curves
Mastery of functions of two variables
4.2 Differential calculation of functions of two or more variables
Partial derivatives of a function
Successive partial derivatives. Schwartz's theorem
Compound derivation
4.3 Extremes of functions of two variables
Definition. Highs, lows and saddle points
Determination of extremes. Necessary condition
Singular points
Hessian matrix
Determination of extremes. Sufficient condition
5. Applications of functions to economics
5.1 Optimization with a variable
Highs and lows with applications to the economy
Two variables and an equality constraint.
5.2 Optimization with two variables
Maximum and minimum with applications to the economy
5.3 Optimization with constraints: Linear programming
Concept and formulation
Graphic technique
Matrix formulation
General problem
6. Integration.
6.1 Indefinite Integral
Definition. Primitives of a function
Table of immediate integrals
Application of the chain rule in the integration of functions
Properties of the integral
Integration by parts
Integration of rational functions
6.2 Integral defined
Definition. Barrow's rule. Properties
Area calculation
Area included between a curve and the abscissa axis
Area between two or more curves
Eliminatory evaluations of the subject will be carried out throughout the two quarters. The final grade will be the weighted arithmetic mean of the grades of the evaluation activities carried out in the first and second quarters. To pass the course, the final grade must be greater than or equal to 5 points out of 10.
The continuous evaluation will take into account the following aspects with the weights indicated:
- Two partial exams (P): 60%.
- Delivery of exercises, evaluation activities and participation (A): 40%.
Therefore, the final grade is obtained by applying the formula:
final_note = 0,3·P1 + 0,3 ·P2 + 0,4 ·A
On P1 (a grade higher than or equal to 4 is required and eliminates subject) is the mark of the partial exam that is carried out during the first term and P2 (requires a grade greater than or equal to 4 and eliminates subject) is the mark of the midterm exam that is conducted throughout the second quarter, and A collects the note of continuous evaluation of the first and second trimester.
At the end of the exam period of the second term, the student will be able to be examined on the syllabus of the partials that he / she has yet to pass (P1 o P2). The final grade is calculated using the same formula that is applied in the continuous assessment (a grade of 4 or higher is required in each).
In the recovery period of the second term, the student will be able to examine the syllabus of the partials that he has yet to pass (a grade of 4 or higher is required in each). The student who has not taken the global exams (end of the second term) will not be able to take the make-up exam. The final mark is calculated using the same formula that is applied in the continuous assessment.
The note of participation, activities in the classroom and delivery of exercises (A) it is not recoverable under any circumstances and no grade from one academic year will be saved for another. It is necessary to obtain an average grade of 5 or higher (out of 10) in the Online Test model so that it is included in the weighting of the final assessment.
Summary of evaluation percentages based on:
System |
Weighting |
Participation in activities proposed in the classroom (seminars-participation) |
10% |
Individual work: Control 1 and Control 2 + Online quizzes |
20% + 10% |
Final exam (P1+P2) |
60% |
Exams require a minimum grade to be counted in the evaluation.
A student who has not appeared in the first call (end of the 2nd term) CANNOT appear in the make-up.
HAEUSSLER, JR., ERNEST, F., RICHARS D. PAUL, RICHARD J. WOOD (2008): Mathematics for administration and economics. Ed Pearson.
GARCÍA, P., NÚÑEZ, J., SEBASTIÁN, A. (2007): Initiation to the university mathematics. Ed. Thomson.
LARSON, HOSTETLER, EDWARDS (2006): Calculus. Eighth edition. Mc Graw-Hill.
STTAN (1998): Mathematics for administration and economics. International Thomson Publishers.
LÓPEZ, M. VEGAS, A. (1994): Basic course of mathematics for the economy and the direction of companies. Vol I and II. Ed Pyramid.
BITTINGER, MARVIN, L. (2002): Calculus for economic-administrative sciences. Seventh education. Ed Pearson.